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ASSEMBLED  AT  AUGUSTA,  GEORGIA, 

IS.v  Special  Orders  No.  278,  Head  Quarters  Dcii't  S.  ('.,  Ga.  &  Fla„ 
dated  December  19th,  1863,  for  the  purpose  of  determining 
the  proper  Charges  for  Heavy  Guns,  the  highest  allow- 
able angles  of  Elevation,  and  other  matters  con- 
neeled  with  the  service  of  Artillery  in  general. 


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iiii'  first  or  partial  Report  of  the  Board,  referred  directly  to  the 
proper  forms  an<l  weights  of  projectiles,  and  their  service  charges,  as 
deduced  from  existing  facts  and  the  practice  of  service;  but  many 
points  intimately  related  with  the  above  were  left  undetermined,  on 
account  of  the  want  of  experimental  data.  Artillery  of  very  large 
calibre  being  brought  into  the  service  of  war  for  the  first  time  during 
the  present  revolution,  and  heavy  riHc  artillery  being  previously  un- 
known in  military  operations,  several  important  points,  relating  to 
their  proper  use  in  service,  have  heretofore  necessarily  been  left  unde- 
termined. For  the  investigation  of  these  matters,  a  scries  of  experi- 
ments were  instituted  at  the  Augusta  Arsenal,  with  the  approbation 
fif  the  Chief  of  Ordnance,  and  the  Board  was  reassembled  by  its 
President  to  witness  and  assist  in  these  experimental  researches: 

Some  of  the  results  attained  from  the  above  have  been  omitted  in 
this  Report  as,  although  useful  and  interesting  to  the  service  in  general, 
they  have  only  a  partial  relation  to  the  subject  matter  of  the  service 
of  artillery. 

The  several  propositions  are  placed  under  the  head  of  questions,  and 
'In-  deductions  from  the  series  of  experiments  instituted  in  each  case 
follow  as  their  answers.  After  these,  a  few  miscellaneous  general 
facts,  interesting  to  the  artillery  service,  arc  appended  as  deduction,;, 
from  the  series  of  experiments. 

The  Board  reassembled  at  the  Augusta  Arsenal,  March  '_"_'(/,  1864, 
and  w»'ic  about  four  weeks,  more  or  less,  engaged  in  daily  experiments. 


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s. 

The  guns  made  use  of  in  thre  trials  were :  First,  a  3  Inch  rifle  and 
banded  iron  pin,  carrying  ;i  shell  of  7.1  lbs.  weigbl :  Second,  a  bronze 
6  pounder;  Third,  a  12  pounder  Napoleon ;  and  Fourth,  a  7  inch 
Colunibiad,  carrying  a  bolt  of  one  calibre  in  length,  with  a  windage 
of  .05  inch  and  weighing  Go  lbs. 

This  bolt,  at  its  end  nearest  the  charge,  had  a  recess  about  \]  inches 
broad,  which  was  wrapped  with  lubricated  cloth,  and  thus  tbe  bolt 
fitted  the  bore  of  the  gun  practically  without  windage,  and  corres- 
ponded more  nearly  to  a  rifle  gun. 

In  connection  with  the  above,  and  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the 
initial  velocities  and  corresponding  pressures  on  the  bores  of  the  guns 
at  each  discharge,  the  following  instruments  were  employed  :  First,  an 
electro  ballistic  ntachine  of  two  pendulums,  on  the  principle  of  Capt. 
Benton's,  but  somewhat  modified  and  improved  ;  Second,  a  pressure 
piston,  arranged  after  the  plan  of  Capt.  Rodman,  but  using  a  composi- 
tion of  type  metal  and  lead,  in  place  of  copper  disks.  This  change  is 
regarded  as  decidedly  more  reliable  and  convenient. 

The  dimensions  of  this  instrument  coincide  in  all  respects  with  thai 
used  by  Capt,  Hodman  in  his  experiments.  The  method  of  determin- 
ing the  pressure  was  to  remove  the  block  of  composition  metal  from 
the  piston  housing,  carefully  lifting  it  from  the  steel  cutter  after  the 
discharge,  and  reversing  the  same  block  so  as  to  bring  its  hack  on  the 
cutter,  and  then  subjecting  it  to  pressure  by  means  of  a  heavy  iron 
lever,  until  a  cut  was  made  of  the  same  length  as  that  produced  by  the 
force  of  the  charge.  The  dimensions  of  the  lever,  and  weights  added, 
afforded  the  data  for  a  near  approximation  to  the  true  pressures  experi- 
enced on  each  square  inch  of  the  bore  at  the  moment  of  inflammation 
of  the  charge. 

The  wire  targets  of  the  electro  ballistic  machine  were  placed  70  feet 
apart  in  all  the  experiments,  with  one  exception,  which  will  be  referred 
to  at  the  proper  time.  The  muzzles  of  the  smaller  guns  were  20  feet 
from  the  first  target,  and  of  the  7  inch  Colunibiad  30  feet, to  avoid  the 
force  of  the  blast.  It  will  he  seen,  from  the  table  of  firings,  that  the 
initial  velocities  given  by  the  above  instrument  coincide  with  those 
g^ven  by  the  rifle  and  ballistic  pendulums  for  the  same  charges. 

The  charges  of  powder  were  accurately  weighed,  by  means  of  a 
delicate  balance,  and  proper  cafe  taken  in  each  case  that  the  conditions 
should  be  alike  in  comparative  trials. 

The  experiments  were  divided  into  scries — each  set  for  the  determi- 
nation of  some  point  connected  with  the  service  of  artillery,  and  the 
trials  were  continued  in  each  case  until  the  Board  was  satisfied  as  to 
the  results.  The  scries  will  be  taken  up  in  the  same  order  as  they 
occurred,  and  each  discussed  on  its  own  merits,  ami  at  the  end  of  the 
report  a  condensed  tabic;  of  the  more  important  data  of  the  firings  will 
he  appended. 

First  Question. —  What  size  of  grain  corresponding  l<>  a  given 
density  should  be  given  to  Gunpowder  far  Artillery  purposes^ 

To  determine  the  above,  Gunpowder  made  at  Raleigh,  and  at 
Columbia  for  the  Navy  were  employed,  as  well  as  different  kinds 
received  from   Europe-,   ami   those   manufactured   at  the  Government 


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Powdev  Works  near  Augusta.     The  average  gravimetric  densities  of 
the  Cannon  Powders  were  as  follows  : 

Navy 1025 

Raleigh : 1026 

Foreign 875 

Power  Works 914 

*Dupont's,  U.  S 919 

*Hazard's,  U.  S 924 

*Waltham  Abbey,  (English  Government  Powder) 872 

*  French  War  Department  Powder 804 

♦These  Powders  were  not  experimented  with — none  to  be  had.    Taken  from 
Mordecai's  Report  on  Gunpowder. 

The  specific  gravity  of  each  description  of  Gunpowder  would  have 
been  a  more  accurate  representation  of  their  comparative  densities,  but 
such  was  not  attainable ;  and  the  gravimetric  densities  given  in  the 
table,  are  sufficiently  near  approximations  for  the  purpose  proposed. 
Tt  will  be  seen  from  it  that  the  Navy  and  Raleigh  Powders  are  very 
dense,  and  hence  afforded  good  opportunity  to  compare  such  kinds  of 
Powder  with  those  of  a  less  density.  The  results  of  such  trials  will  be 
ft  mnd  in  the  tables  annexed  to  this  Report,  as  also  those  relating  to 
the  comparison  of  "Mill  Cake"  and  "pressed"  Powders,  and  the 
comparative  strengths  of  grained  and  mealed  powders,  and  of  their 
mixtures. 

From  the  above  series  of  experiments  the  following  facts  were 
deduced,  viz: 

First — The  density  of  Gunpowder,  resulting  from  more  or  less  com- 
plete pulverization  of  its  ingredients,  the  time  consumed  in  their 
incorporation,  and  the  subsequent  pressure  of  the  damp  mass,  should 
not  exceed  950  ounces  to  the  cubic  foot  for  Cannon  Powders.  An 
increase  of  this  density  cannot  be  fully  compensated  by  fineness  of 
grain,  even  when  carried  to  an  extreme. 

Second. — The  most  perfect  intermixture  of  the  ingredients  appears 
to  be  in  the  "  Mill  Cake,"  which  if  broken  up  cannot  afterwards  be 
restored  by  pressure,  since  the  former  operation  has  a  tendency  to 
disturb  the  intimate  association  of  the  lighter  and  heavier  particles, 
and  thus  cause  a  partial  separation  which  simple  pressure  cannot 
restore.  Hence  that  the  requisite  density  should  be  obtained  by 
working  the  mass  of  ingredients  together,  and  not  by  means  of  pres- 
sure. In  other  words,  all  Cannon  Powder  should  be  made  directly 
from  "  Mill  Cake  "  of  the  required  density,  and  not  from  cake  formed 
by  pressing  Meal  Powder  or  Powder  Dust.  Steaming  the  mixed 
ingredients  of  Gunpowder  before  incorporation  appears  to  make  a 
superior  Powder  in  much  less  time. 

Third. — The  dust  formed  in  the  manufacture  of  powder  has  about  £ 
of  the  strength  of  the  powder  from  which  it  is  derived,  when  used  for 
artillery  charges,  hence  it  may  be  used  for  such  purpose  when  grain 
powder  cannot  be  had.  The  dry  dust  formed  by  the  mixture  of  the 
ingredients  of  Gunpowder  in  the  rolling  barrels  which  has  never  been 
subjected  to  moisture,  is  not  a  true  Gunpowder  composition,  since  the 
pores  of  the  charcoal  have  not  been  tilled  with  the  saltpetre,  which  can 
only  be  done  by  a  more  or  less  partial  solution  of  that  salt. 


Fourth. — A  raixtun  irge  :i  proportion    as   one-hajf  of  dust 

■t  materially  to  affect  the  strength  of  Gunpowder,  hence  a 
dusty  powder  is  no  Sign  of  its  inferior  strength. 

Fifth. — The  size  of  grain  of  Gunp  »wder  has  an  important  bearing 
in  the  service  of  heavy  artillery;  it'  the  grains  b  i  too  small  the  -train 
on  the  gun  is  greatly   increased,  with    no  oding   increase   irf 

initial  velocity  ov  range  to  the  projectile. 

Sixth. — A  mixture  of  large  and  small  grain  ]>  »wder  appears  to  burn 
up  in  the  laige  charges  tor  heavy  artillery  as  ir'  composed  entirely  of 
tne  smaller  size  of  grain,  hence  such  mixtures  are  hazardous  for  service 
charges.  Thus  a  mixture  <>f  one-half  large  cannon  ami  one-half  small 
cannon  in  a  cartridge  weighing  8  pounds,  packed  and  fitting  the  bore 
of  the  7  inch  earn,  with  a  0.5  pounds  holt,  without  windage,  gave  the 
enormous  pressure  of  120,000  pounds  to  the  square  inch  at  the  moment 
discharge.  The  same  charge,  under  precisely  the  same  circum- 
stances, of  large  cannon  powder  alone,  (grains  A  inch)  gave  a  mean 
pressure  of  80,000  pounds. 

Seventh. — A  Gunpowder  made  of  proper  proportions  of  nitre  and 
charcoal,  without  sulphur,  is  hut  little  inferior  to  good  powder  of  the 
usual  composition.  Thus  65  grains  of  Gunpowder  incorporated  three 
hours  gave  1057  feet  initial  velocity,  whilst  the  same  weight  of  the 
nitre  and  charcoal  powder,  under  the  same  circumstances,  gave  990 
feet. 

Eighth. — A  charge  of  eight  pounds  large  cannon  powder,  grains  .0 
inch  in  diameter,  made  from  "mill  cake,'?  and  having  a  gravimetric 
density  of  about  Ol'O,  with  a  holt  weighing  05  pounds,  without  windage, 
was  entirely  consumed  in  the  seven  inch  gun,  none  of  the  grains  being 
thrown  out  unburned. 

Ninth. — A  similar  charge  in  all  respects,  except  that  the  powdcf 
had  been  subjected  to  hydraulic  pressure,  with  a  gravimetric  density 
of  about  1000,  on  being  fired,  several  of  the  grains  were  thrown  against 
the  screen  of  boards  in  front  of  the  gun,  apparently  without  having 
taken  fire  at  all  by  the  discharge. 

Tenth. — The  air  space,  in  connection  with  a  charge  of  powder,  ena- 
bles us  to  use  a  much  larger  grain.  Thus  an  air  space  of  one-half 
calibre,  in  the  7  inch  gun,  with  the  65  pounds  boit,  enables  a  charge 
of  10  pounds  of  powder  to  be  entirely  consumed  within  the  gun, 
whose  grains  were  from  .75  to  .90  in  diameter,  and  36  of  which 
weighed  one  pound.     Gravimetric  density  about  930. 

Second  Question. —  M'Tiat  advantage,  if  any,  results  from  the  em- 
ployment of  Air  Sjmces  for  the  partial  expansion  of  the  inflamed 
gases  of  the  charge,  and  if  advantageous,  what  should  be  their  dimensions, 
and  xohere  located  ^ 

To  determine  the  above  over  one  hundred  trials  were  made,  with 
the  guns  named,  but  mainly  with  the  7  inch  Columbiad,  with  air  spaces 
of  different  dimensions,  from  1-10  part  of  a  calibre  to  1:5  calibres  in 
extent.  In  each  case  the  initial  velocities  and  pressures  were  carefully 
taken,  the  mean  results  of  which — in  the  more  important  cases — will 
be  found  in  the  appended  tabular  statements. 

In  making  these  experiments  the  charges  were  packed  into  paper 
cartridges,  tilting  the  Lore,  or  with  a  certain  less  diameter,  so  that  the 


influence  of  the  actual  amount  of  air  space  might  be  certainly  made  in 
each  case.  It  being  plain  to  see  that  the  intervals  between  the  grains 
of  powder — the  latter  being  in  a .  more  or  less  compact  condition — 
would  in  themselves  constitute  an  element  to  be  taken  into  considera- 
tion ;  thus  a  service  charge  for  a  heavy  gun  may  be  settled  in  the 
cartridge  so  as  to  occupy  from  ^  inch  to  1  inch  less  space  in  length 
than  when  loosely  poured  in,  hence  in  the  trials  the  powder  was  closely 
packed  in  each  cartridge. 

The  following  facts  were  deduced  from  the  trials,  viz  : 

First. — Air  spaces,  properly  proportioned  to  the  charge  of  powder, 
greatly  diminish  the  strain  on  guns,  without  loss  of  i initial  velocity  or 
range,  and  hence  are  of  great  importance  in  the  service  of  heavy  artil- 
lery especially. 

Thus  8  pounds  of  large  cannon  powder  (grains  .4  inch  diameter) 
packed  into  a  cartridge  lifting  the  bore  of  the  7  inch  gun,  with  a  bolt 
of  05  pounds,  without  windage,  gaVe  a  mean  pressure  of  80,000  pounds 
to  the  square  inch,  whilst  a  similar  charge  in  all  respects  of  10  pounds 
of  the  same  powder,  with  an  air  space  of  I-  calibre,  gave  a  mean  pres- 
of  49,431  pounds;  the  addition  of  one  pound  weight  of  charge,  (11 
pounds  of  powder)  whose  grains  were  from  .75  to  .00  inch,  with  same 
air  space,  gave  a  mean  pressure  of  24,717  pounds,  the  same  initial 
velocity  being  had  in  each  case. 

Second. — Retaining  the  service  pressure  on  the  bore  of  the  gun, 
increased  velocity  can  be  given  to  the  projectile  by  the  addition  of  a 
proper  quantity  of  powder  to  the  charge,  by  the  use  of  the  principle  of 
the  air  space. 

Third. — Air  spaces  of  about  one-half  the  calibre  of  the  gun  appear 
the  most  advantageous.,  with  an  addition  to  the  service  charge  of  about 
one-fourth  of  the  weight  of  powder.  Larger  air  spaces  give  the  same 
results  of  pressure,  but  require  larger  charges  of  powder  to  maintain 
the  velocity,  hence  no  advantage  appear&tobe  gained  beyond  the  limil 
specified. 

The  service  charge  is  understood  to  mean  a  given  amount  of  the 
proper  size  of  grain  powder  placed  in  a  cartridge  fitting  the  bore  of  the 
gun,  and  closely  parked,  with  a  square  end  to  the  cartridge  next  to  the 
projectile,  and  the  latter,  if  of  the  rifle  kind,  rammed  well  home,  to 
cause  the  cup  to  pass  over  the  end  of  the  charge,  so  as  to  avoid  a  par- 
tial air  space;  or,  if  a  round  shot  be  used,  that  it  shall  have  a  proper 
sabot  attached  to  it. 

The  above  charge,  when  fired  as  above  arranged,  to  give  a  mean 
pressure  not  exceeding  that  which  in  service  is  regarded  as  safe  for  the 
description  of  gun  under  trial.  To  ascertain  this  pressure  in  any 
required  calibre  or  gun,  let  it  be  loaded  as  usual,  and  by  means  of  the 
pressure  piston  ascertain  the  mean  pressure  of  several  fires.  Having 
thus  ascertained  the  service  charge  as  above  defined — which  it  will 
readily  be  seen  will  be  in  general  less  than  that  usually  employed — 
add  one-fourth  of  its  weight  for  an  air  space  of  X-  calibre.  By  this 
means  the  strain  on  the  gun  will  be  reduced  to  less  than  one-half  of 
that  due  to  the  service  charge,  without  loss  of  velocity  or  range. 

The  Board  have  thus  indicated  the  proper  method  to  be  pursued  in 
arriving  at  the  proper  charges  Por  all  descriptions  of  heavy  artillery. 

The  want  of  a  gun  of  each  cable.'  to  experiment  with,  is  the  reason 


why  the  charges  themselves  have  not  been  determined,  and  such  data 
would  then  have  formed  a  part  of  this  Report,  which  would  have,  in 
such  case,  been  final. 

A>  the  foregoing  determination  requires  the  use  only  of  the  pressure 
piston,  which  can  be  attached  without  injury  to  the  gan  orguns  at  any 
ponvenient  battery,  it  is  respectfully  recommended  that  authority  be 
given  to  the  Board  to  make  use  of  such  guns  as  may  be  selected  for 
the  above  purpose,  and  thus  enable  the  Board  to  complete  its  labors 
in  a  satisfactory  manner. 

Fourth. — The  air  space  would  be  most  convenient  as  an  air  cham- 
ber in  rear  of  the  charge,  or,  in  other  words,  like  the  chambers  of 
Howitzers;  but  in  the  guns  now  in  service  the  same  end  may  be 
arrived  at  by  diminishing  the  diameters  of  the  cartridges,  by  passing 
sticks  through  their  centres  with  projecting  ends,  or  by  means  of  tin- 
devise  of  the  hollow  cartridge,  or  by  using  a  cross  of  light  boards, 
joined  at  right  angles  and  edgewise  at  their  centres,  to  insert  between 
the  charge  and  projectile. 

Fifth. — As  all  cartridges  of  less  diameters  than  the  corresponding 
bores  of  guns  have  equivalent  air  spaces,  such  must  be  allowed  for  in 
practice.  Also  the  spherical  form  of  balls  without  sabots,  when  not 
rammed  so  as  to  embed  themselves  in  the  charge,  have  a  certain 
amount  of  air  space  in  each  case,  which  must  be  taken  into  considers 
tion. 

Sixth. — The  usual  custom  of  making  cartridges  of  less  diameters 
than  the  bores  of  their  respective  guns,  is  an  acknowledgement  of  the 
principle  of  the  air  space;  but  it  has  not  been  carried  sufficiently  tar, 
neither  has  any  relation  been  heretofore  established  between  the 
weight  of  the  charge  and  air  space  employed. 

Seventh. — The  pressures  at  each  extremity  of  an  air  space,  however 
long  in  the  bore  of  the  gun,  are  equal ;  in  other  words,  all  parts  of  the 
bore,  between  the  breech  and  projectile,  experience  like  pressures  on 
equal  areas  at  the  moment  of  inflammation  of  the  charge. 

Third  Question. —  What  arc  the  causes  of  variation  in  Artillery 
Practice,  and  by  what  means  can  a  (greater  uniformity  in  the  results  be 
obtained  ? 

In  the  investigation  of  this  subject  the  Board  has  no  hesitation  in 
saving,  that  the  main  cause  of  varied  results  in  artillery  practice  arises 
from  overlooking  these  important  facts,  that  variations  in  the  diam- 
eters of  the  cartridges,  although  apparently  slight,  and  of  the  more  or 
less  loose  state  of  the  powder  charges,  have  great  influence  on  the 
initial  velocities  and  ranges  of  projectiles,  as  well  as  on  the  strains 
sustained  on  the  guns  employed. 

First. — Hence  uniformity  in  the  compactness  of  cartridges,  and  in 
their  diameters,  are  of  the  first  importance  in  the  service  of  artillen  . 
Thus  one  pound  of  small  cannon  powder,  packed  into  a  cartridge 
fitting  the  bore  of  the  3  inch  rifle  gun,  gave  an  initial  velocity  of  1260 
feet  to  a  shell  of  7^  pounds  weight,  whilst  the  same  amount  of  the 
same  powder  placed  loosely  in  the  cartridge  bag  gave  but  1042  feci  ; 
the  shells  in  each  case  not  being  rammed,  but  dimply  pressed  lo  its 
position  on  the  charge. 

Again,  8  pounds  large  cannon  powder,  in  the  7  inch  gun,  packed  in 


a  cartridge  fitting  the  We,  with  ;i  bolt  of  V>o  pounds,  without  windage, 
gave  an  initial  velocity  of  1265  feet,  whilst  the  same  charge  in  all 
respects,  loosely  put  into  the  cartridge  bag,  so  as  to  diminish  it§  diam- 
eter about  one  inch,  gave  only  1104  feet. 

Other  experiments  with  the  other  calibres  gave  analagous  results, 
clearly  showing  the  fact  that  very  considerable  variations  of  ranges  in 
artillery  practice  will  be  experienced,  unless  great  care  be  taken  in  the 
diameters  of  cartridges,  and  the  packing  of  the  powder. 

A  cartridge  fitting  the  bore,  with  its  powder  packed,  cannot  be 
essentially  disturbed  by  variations  in  the  force  or  manner  of  ramming, 
whilst  a  cartridge  of  less  diameter  would  either  be  burst  by  hard 
ramming,  and  thus  fill  the  bore,  or  would  be  crowded  up  so  as  to 
occupy  less  space  in 'a  more  or  less  degree,  thus  materially  influencing 
the  range  of  the  projectile  and  pressure  on  the  gun. 

Again,  a  loosely  packed  cartridge  will  admit  of  the  ball  being 
cushioned  in  it  by  ramming,  thus  decreasing  more  or  less  the  airspace 
due  to  its  form,  and  consequently  affecting  the  range. 

Second. — A  second  cause  of  variation  of  range  in  smooth  bore 
artillery  arises  from  the  windage,  and  consequent  ballotting  of  the  ball, 
which  thus  does  not  leave  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  in  the  true  line  of 
direction.  Variations  of  range  also  takes  place  from  the  different 
degrees  of  quickness  of  burning  in  the  charge,  hence  a  larger  amount 
of  its  force  escapes  around  the  ball  before  it  fairly  gets  into  motion 
within  the  gun,  at  one  time  than  at  others,  as  no  two  charges  bum 
exactly  in  the  same  time. 

These  two  causes  of  variations  may  to  a  great  extent  be  removed  by 
wrapping  the  ball  with  cloth  and  driving  it  to  its  position.  Thus  with 
the  12  pounder  Napoleon,  with  equal  charges,  packed  into  cartridges 
fitting  the  bore,  the  following  results  were  obtained: 

1st  discharge,  initial  velocity 1288  teet. 

L>,1  u  ••  -    "     1288      " 

With  «  different  charge. 

1st  discharge,  initial  velocity t208  feet. 

•_M  «  -  '•    '     120-      •• 

With  a  still  different  charge, 

1st  discharge,  initial  velocitv 1220  feet. 

2d  "  "  "         1220     " 

G  Pounder  Bronze. 

1st  discharge,  initial  velocity 1290  feet. 

2d  "    '  "  "         1296     " 

The  loss  of  velocity  by  windage  is  sometimes  very  great,  amounting 
in  some  cases  to  the  £  part,  thus  in  the  12  pounder  Napoleon  : 

1st  discharge,  ball  of  large  windage,  without  sabot,  velocity   1126  feet. 
2<J  »  ball  wrapped  with  cloth,  velocity 1288    " 


Third. — The  employment  of  sabots,  or  blocks  of  wood,  between 
the  cartridge  and  ball,  also  affects  the  velocity  and  pressure. 

If  the  sabots  be  made  like  those  for  field  service,  that  is  covering 
the  larger  portion  of  that  part  of  the  ball  next  to  the  charge,  and  thus 
filling  up  to  a  considerable  extent  the  vacant  or  air  space  due  to  the 
form  of  the  ball,  the  initial  velocity  is  increased  by  its  use.  Bat  if  a 
simple  block  of  wood  be  employed,  not  hollowed  out,  there  will  result 
a  loss  of  range  from  two  causes,  viz:  From  the  unoccupied  air  space 
above  mentioned — no  powder  being  added  to  compensate  for  it — and 
from  the  fact  that  the  wood  at  the  moment  of  discharge  is  powerfully 
compressed,  and  thus  partially  acts  as  an  air  space  itself.  All  air  npac  1 
to  be  advantageous  must  have  a  corresponding  increase  of  the  charge, 
as  has  been  seen,  to  prevent  a  loss  of  force. 

Thus,  with  the  12  pounder  Xapoleon,  a  given  charge  gave  1288  feet 
initial  velocity  to  the  shot';  with  the  same  charge,  but  using  the  usual 
sabot,  the  velocity  was  129G  feet.  With  the  same  charge  as  in  the 
two  foregoing  cases,  but  interposing  a  block  Qf  poplar  wood  -\  inches 
thick,  (cannister  sabot)  the  velocity  was  1208  feet. 

Fourth. — A  variation  of  range  Occurs  from  using  powders  of  differ- 
ent degrees  of  strength. 

This  cause  of  variation  can  be  easily  remedied,  by  having  the  differ- 
ent descriptions  of  powder  in  each  batteny  tested  and  classified  accord- 
ing to  strength.     This  can  be  done  very  accurately  at  Augusta. 

Powder  of  the  same  classification  of  strength  should  then  be  used 
only  at  any  one  time  until  it  is  expended.  In  passing  to  another 
powder  of  different  classified  strength,  a  slight  variation  of  elevation 
will  in  general  be  sufficient  to  maintain  the  former  range.  Those 
powders  which  by  the  classification  shall  be  declared  too  weak  or 
damaged  for  service,  should  be  sent  to  the  Powder  Works  to  be* 
renewed. 

Fifth. — Rifle  guns  have  add  it  i  >nal  sources  of  variation  of  range  anil 
accuracy. 

It.   From  an  insufficient  rotary  velocity. 

2d.    Prom  a  defective  cup  or  saucer. 

3d.  From  the  imperfect  casting,  causing  the  shell  to  crack  by  the 
discharge,  and  thus  communicate  lire  to  its  bursting  charge — which 
failure  is  m  general  erroneously  attributed  to  a  faulty  fuse. 

4th.  From  a  defective  form  or  model,  whence  arises  the  defects  of 
the  projectile,  being  too  weak,  too  heavy,  or  too  long  for  the  charge 
of  powder  and  twist  of  the  gun. 

An  insufficient  rotary  velocity,  resulting  in  the  turning  over  of  the 
projectile,  sometimes  within  a  few  feet  from  the  muzzle  of  the  gun, 
may  arise  either  from  too  small  a  charge  of  powder,  or  from  the  pro- 
jectile being  too  long  and  heavy.  There  are  two  ways  of  obtaining  ;i 
higher  angular  velocity;  either  by  increasing  the  twist  of  the  gun,  or 
by  increasing  the  initial  velocity.  The  former  cannot  be  done  except 
in  new  guns,  and  in  these  there  are  practical  limits  which  cannot 
safely  be  exceeded;  the  increase  of  velocity  also  has  its  safe  limits, 
beyond  which  it  would  create  a  hazardous  strain  on  the  gnu,  by  the 
necessary  propelling  force  employed. 

Hence  those  projectiles  whose  defective  models  cannot  be  safely 
compensated  by  the  above,  and  hence  must   remain  variable    in   their 


9 

results)  should  be  rejected.  This  applies  particularly  to  those  heavy 
bolts,  and  sometimes  shells,  which  in  many  cases  considerably  exceed 
the  limits  within  which  a  safe  charge  could  communicate  the  necessary 
initial  velocity  to  produce  the  required  angular  rotation.  The  above 
is  mainly  the  reason  why  the  Board,  in  their  first  Report,  recom- 
mended projectiles  of  less  weight  and  length  than  many  which  had 
been  and  are  still  employed  in  service. 

The  cups  or  saucers  at  the  base  of  rifle  projectiles  are  frequently 
defective  in  having  their  edges  too  thick,  whence  they  do  not  expand 
suiiicicntly  quick,  and  thus  allow  a  considerable  portion  of  the  force  of 
the  charge  to  escay  around  them.  A  certain  amount  of  force  is 
required  in  each  case  to  expand  tin'  cup  and  cause  it  to  take  the 
grooves,  and  if  any  of  the  charge  be  lost  from  the  above  cause,  what 
remains  may  l>e  insufficient  for  the  purpose. 

Hence  the  edges  of  the  cups  should  be  quite  thin,  or  they  should  be 
sawed  into  several  segments,  to  the  distance  of  about  £  of  an  inch  from 
the  fih^c  downwards,  so  as  to  permit  the  latter  to  readily  yield  to  the 
first  pressure,  and  thus  prevent  the  escape  of  a  portion  of  the  inflamed 
gases. 

The  lubricating  ring  between  the  base  of  the  projectile  and  cup  acts 
mainly  in  assisting  to  close  the  windage  at  the  first  moment  of  inflam- 
mation, and  thus  more  certainly  insures  the  expansion  of  the  base.  As 
far  as  the  lubrication  of  the  gun  is  concerned,  it  can  more  certainly 
and  effectually  be  accomplished  by  pouring  a  sufficient  amount  of 
the  material  melted  into  the  bottom  of  the  cup,  which  at  the  time  of  the 
discharge  will  be  disperse.]  throughout  the  boreof  the  gun.  The  lubri- 
cating material  in  this  case  should  not  be  hard,  but  rather  of  a 
-'.siency. 

tii  Question. — The  use  of  the  Air  Space  in  Artillery  involves 
the  necessity  of  placing  the  projectile  farther  towards  the  muzzle,  or  of 
allowing  an  interval  between  it  and  the  charge.  What  is  the  maximum 
interval  that  can  be  safely  allowed,  or  is  there  any  danger  to  the  gun  by 
thus  displacing  the  projectile  from  its  usual  position,  resting  against 
the  charge? 

In  the  series  of  experiments,  undertaken  to  elucidate  this  subject, 
with  the  different  guns  at  the  disposal  of  the  Board,  the  fact  was  clearly 
established  that  the  common  opinion,  as  to  the  danger  incurred  in  the 
displacement  of  the  projectile  from  the  charge,  is  without  sufficient 
foundation.  That  the  maximum  strain  on  the  gun  is  experienced 
when  the  projectile  is  closely  rammed  home  on  the  charge,  the  latter 
being  packed  and  fitting  the  bore.  That  in  proportion  as  the  projec- 
tile is  removed  from  the  charge  towards  the  muzzle  the  strain  de- 
creases, and  is  at  its  lowest  point  when  it  is  at  or  near  the  muzzle 
itself. 

Thus  2  lbs.  of  small  cannon  powder  has  been  repeatedly  fired  with 
three  balls  placed  within  2  calibres  of  the  muzzle  of  the  6  pounder; 
also  several  charges  of  the  same  weight  of  powder,  and  the  ball 
wrapped  with  cloth,  and  driven  tightly  to  the  same  distance  from  the 
muzzle.     In  all  these  eases  no  injury  whatever  was  experienced  by  the 


10 

Again  In  the  7  inch  gun,  with  8  lbs.  large  cannon  powder,  with 
the  bolt  of  65  lbs.  tightly  fitting  the  bore,  the  average  pressure',  as  has 
i  seen,  was  80,000  lbs.  to  the  square  inch.  When  the  boh  was 
placed  at  30  inches  distance  from  the  charge,  all  other  conditions 
remaining  the  same,  the  pressure  was  only  6258  lbs.,  and  at  2  calibres 
from  the  muzzle  the  pressure  fell  to  an  average  of  2617  lbs. 

Thus  no  danger  whatever  arises  from  leaving  a  single  projectile  in 
any  part  of  the  bore,  but  on  the  contrary  the  strain  on  the  gun  i^ 
greatly  decreased  by  removing  the  projectile  to  some  distance  from 
'.In'  charge  of  powder. 

Fifth  Question-. — Ts  there  any  danger  tn  the  Rifle  Gun  .should  the 
projectile  fit  so  tightly  as  to  require  to  be  driven  to  its  position  on  the 
charge,  and  should  it  pet  jammed  in  the  act  of  loading,  would  there  be 
hazard  m  firing  off  the  gun  in  such  condition.' 

Experiments  conclusively  demonstrate  that  in  all  cylindrical  pro- 
jectiles which  have  been  turned  in  a  lathe,  no  amount  of  force  that  can 
be  generally  employed  to  drive  them  home  on  the  charge,  affects  in  the 

slightest  degree  the  pressure  or  strain  on  the  gun  at  the  time  oi'  the 
discharge.  This  might  be  reasonably  inferred  without  experiment ; 
tor  as  such  projectiles  cannot  by  any  movement  increase  their  diam- 
eters, the  additional  .strain  on  the  gun  would  be  simply  that  due  to  the 
additional  force  required  to  overcome  the  friction.  This  has  for  its 
measure  the  force  which  was  expended  in  driving  the  projectile  home  ; 
but  such  an  amount  of  force  is  inappreciable  when  compared  to  the 
immense  force  exerted  by  the  charge  in  overcoming  the  inertia  of  its 
mass. 

The  preceding  discussions  plainly  show  tHat  no  danger  can  be  in- 
curred in  firing  off  a  gun,  with  a  turned  cylindrical  projectile,  which 
shall  become  jammed  in  the  bore.  The  case  would  be  very  didereni 
with  spherical  projectiles,  for  as  these  are  never  turned  off  to  a  true 
form,  it  might  happen  that  a  larger  diameter  would  be  brought  into 
action  by  the  rolling  movement,  and  thus  operate  upon  the  principal 
of  the  eccentric  press,  wedging  the  gun  asunder :  thus  a  tight  fitting 
naked  shot  would  be  too  hazardous  for  service. 

Sixth  Question. — Is  there  any  fixed  relation  between  different 
amounts  of  Gunpowder  and  the  corresponding  initial  velocities  ;  that  is 
will  successive  additions  of  equal  weights  of  powder  produce  an  equal 
increase  in  the  corresponding  initial  velocities! 

Experiments  show  that  in  those  charge*  which  arc  entirely  consumed 
within  the  gun,  and  not  too  small  in  quantity,  equal  increments  of 
powder  correspond  to  nearly  equal  increments  of  velocity.  Thus  in 
the  3  inch  gun  1  lb.  of  small  cannon  powder  gave  1250  feet  initial 
velocity;  £  lb.  gave  1040  feet;  ^  lb.  gave  800  feet;  each  quarter  of  a 
pound,  starting  from  the  half  pound  charge,  giving  about  240  feet 
increase  of  velocity. 

This  also  holds  good  of  small  arms,  between  certain  limits:  thus  45 
grains  of  rifle  musket  powder,  with  an  expanding  projectile  of  535 
grains,  in  the  Enfield  rifle,  gave  829  feet  initial  velocity ;  55    grains 


11 

gave  952  feet;  65  grama  gave  1078  feet;  or  about  125  feet  velocity 

for  each  10  grains  of  powder.  Below  40  grains  of  powder,  there  is 
not  sufficient  force  to  properly  expand  the  base  of  the  ball,  and  above 
65  grains  a  portion  of  the  powder  is  not  consumed.  A  similar  obser- 
vation applies  to  artillery  practice,  for  below  a  certain  initial  velocity 
t  lie  cup  of  the  rifle  projectile  does  not  expand  and  take  the  grooves, 
and  above  a  certain  weight  of  charge  the  powder  is  not  wholly  burned. 

Seventh  Question.— Does  a  high  angle  of  firing  in    the  practice  of 
Art tiler  it  increase  the  strain  on  the  gun? 

Experiments  were  conclusive  on  this  point,  showing  that  firing  at 
angles  of  elevation  does  not  affect  the  pressure  on  the  bore  of  the'gun 
due  to  the  same  charge  fired  horizontally.  Thus  the  mean  of  three 
charges  of  8  lbs.  large  cannon  powder,  .packed  into  a  cartridge  §  of  an 
inch  less  in  diameter  than  the  bore  of  the  7  inch  gun,  with  'a  bolt  of 
65  lbs.  without  windage,  gave  a  mean  pressure  of  64,000  lbs.  to  the 
square  inch,  when  tired  with  the  bore  in  the  horizontal  plane.  The 
same  charge  in  all  respects,  when  the  gun  was  fired  at  an  angle  of  40° 
elevation,  gave  a  mean  pressure  of  three  discharges  somewhat  less  than 
the  above. 

MISCKLLAXEOTJS  DATA. 

1st.  The  projectile  being  placed  inside  of  the  bore  and  near  the 
muzzle,  with  the  charge  of  powder  next  to  it,  if  the  latter  be  fired  in 
its  extremity  next  to  the  breech,  the  pressure  will  be  fonnd  exceedingly 
small,  scarcely  sufficient  to  throw  the  projectile  ten  feet  from  The 
muzzle  of  the  gun,  as  the  cartridge  and  ball'  are  thrown  out  together 
before  time  has  been  given  for  but  a  smallnortion  of  the  powder  to  be 
consumed  within  the  gun.  if  the  charge  be  fired  at,  its  end  next  to 
the  projectile  the  pressure  and  explosion  will  be  greater,  though  still 
much  inferior  to  what  it  would  have  been  with  "the  cartridge  at  the 
bottom  <>f  tie'  bore. 

2d.  Tin-  force  of  the  charge,  in  small  rifle  guns,  must  be  able  to  im- 
part an  initial  velocity  of  not  less  than  1000  feet  to  the  projectile,  to 
insure  the  expansion  of  the  cup  into  the  grooves  of  the  gun.  Similar 
data  in  relation  to  large  rifle  guns  remains  to  be  determined. 

3d.  'I  here  appears  no  necessity  for  turned  bolts  having  a  greater 
windage  than  .05  inch  for  smooth  bore  guns;  and  if  they  be  made 
with  a  recess  of  1|  inches  broad  and  about  3-16  inch  deep,  in  that 
extremity  next  to  the  charge,  and  this  be  filled  up  with  lubricated 
-trips  ol  cloth,  all  windage  will  be  prevented,  and  additional  force  and 
accuracy  given  to  this  species  of  projectile. 

4th.  A  few  heavy  charges  is  not  proof  that  a  gun  will  be  able  to 
continuously  sustain  them.  Thus  a  12  pounder  gun  was  finally  burst 
at  a  considerable  less  prcs*sure  than  what  it  had  previously  at  "several 
limes,  sustained  without  apparent  injury. 

5th;  The  pressures  in  the  use  of' service  charges  in  field  artillery 
are  about  half  those  of  smooth  bore  heavy  gunsi 

(5th.    Half  the  charge  of  powder  with  a  double  weight  of  projectile,   , 
3  the  same  pressure  in  heavy  artillerv  a<?  a  full  charge  and  a' single 
projectile. 


12 

Tib.  A  charge  of  powder  fired  in  a  space  of  twice  the  capacity  of 
the  charge  reduces  the  strain  on  a  large  gun  to  one-fourth.  The  above 
two  results  are  in  confirmation  of,  Cap:.  Rodman's  experiment;  they 
do  not  hold  good  for  small  pieces. 

8th.  A  bolt  of  one  calibre  in  length,  without  windage,  with  agiven 
charge,  causes  nearly  twice  the  strain  on  the  gun  to  that  produced  by 
a  round  shot  without  sabot.  A  part  of  this  diminished  pressure  is 
due  to  the  less  weight  of  the  ball,  and  a  part  to  the  air  space  due  to  its 
spherical  form. 

RECAPITUL  A..T  I  <>  IV  . 
GUNPOWDER  FOR  ARTILLERY. 

First. — It  is  not  advantageous  for  cannon  powder  to  exceed  a  gravi- 
metric density  of  950. 

Second. — All  cannon  powder  should  be  made  from  Mill  Cake  oi'  the 
proper  density,  and  not  from  pressed  cake,  or  cake  formed  by  pressing 
dust. 

Third. — Powder  for  large  cannon,  if  made  from  Mill  Cake  of  a 
gravimetric  density  of  not  exceeding  030,  should  not  have  a  less  size 
of  grain  than  from  ^  to  ^  inch  in  diameter.  If  air  spaces  be  employed, 
the  grains  should  not  be  less  than  from  .75  to  .00  inch  diameter  for 
all  calibers  above  7  inches.  For  very  large  guns  with  air  spaces,  as  the 
Great  Blakely  guns,  the  grains  should  be  over  one  cubic  in  capacity  i 
or  each  grain  should  weigh  about  one  ounce. 

Fourth. — Unless  the  powder  be  of  excessive  density,  any  mixture  of 
small  cannon  or  fine  grain  powderwith  large  camion  powder  should  be 
most  carefully  avoided  as  very  hazardous  in  the  service  of  heavy  guns, 
without  any  corresponding  increase  of  force  or  range  to  projectile. 

\  AIU  SPACES. 

First. — Air  spaces  properly  proportioned  to  the  charge  of  powder 

greatly  diminishes  the  strain  on  guns  without  loss  of  initial  velocity 
or  range,  and  hence  are  of  great  importance  in  the  service  of  heavy 
Artillery  *,  they  may  be  in  front,  rear,  inside  or  outside  <>f  the  Cartridge.. 

Second. — Air  spaces  of  about  one  half  caliber  of  the  gun  appear  the 
most  advantageous  as  far  as  tried,  with  an  increase  to  the  service 
charge  of  one  fourth  the  weight  of  large  grain  powder. 

Third. — The  most  convenient  form  for  the  airspace  would  be  a  cham- 
ber to  the  gun,  but  the  usual  service  Artillery  may  be  used  with  air 
spaces  by  making  the  Cartridge  hollow,  and  thus  containing  the 
necessary  space  in  itself;  or  the  cartridge  being  compact,  with  a  square 
or  flat  end,  two  pieces  of  board  fixed  together  at  right  angles  edgewise, 
forming  a  cross,  might  be  inserted  in  the  bore  of  the  gun,  so  as  to  keep 
the  projectile  a  proper  distance  from  the  charge.  These  wood  crosses 
could  readily  be  made,  and  easily  used  like  wads. 

Foiirth. — Cartridges  of  less  diameter  than  the  bore  of  the  guns  to 
which  they  belong  have  equivalent  airspaces;  spherical  projectiles  also 
leave  spaces  due  to  their  form,  next  to  the  charge.  Such  air  spaces 
however  are  variable  in  dimensions,  and  hence  objectionable. 


18 

CAUSES  OF  VARIATION  IN  ARTILLERY  PRACTICE. 

First. — Uniformity  in  compactness  of  cartridges  and  in  their  diam- 
eters are  of  the  first  importance  in  the  service  of  Artillery,  and  the 
want  of  which  is  the  main  cause  of  variation  of  range  in  Artillery 
practice. 

Second. — Cartridges  for  Artillery  should  he  made  to  fit  the  bore  of 
the  gun,  the  powder  well  packed,  with  the  end  next  to  the  projectile 
flat.  Such  cartridges  can  be  made  by  first  making  a  cylindrical  bag 
to  fit  the  bore,  and  placing  within  this  a  thin  paste  board  cylinder 
without  ends  of  nearly  the  diameter  of  the  bore.  Into  this  pack  the 
charge  well,  and  insert  at  the  open  end  a  circle  of  wood  about  f  of  an 
inch  thick,  with  a  deep  groove  cut  into  its  edge;  the  paper  cylinder 
being  cut  just  the  height  of  the  charge,  the  open  end  of  the  bag  is 
drawn  up  tightly  around  this  circle  of  wood,  which  is  pressed  down 
on  the  powder,  and  then  firmy  tied  in  the  groove.  Hollow  cartridges 
<-;ni  be  made  in  the  same  manner,  first  inserting  a  hollow  cylinder 
or  paste  board,  or  tin,  with  closed  ends,  having  the  required  capacity 
of  air  space. 

Third. — Spherical  projectiles  for  smooth  bore  heavy  artillery  should 
have  sabots  attached  to  them  separate  from  the  cartridge.  Such  sabots 
should  be  hollowed  out  in  the  end  of  the  fibres  of  the  wood,  so  as  to 
Rover  as  much  as  practicable  the  part  of  the  ball  next  to  the  charge. 
Such  s.ihots  will  answer  a  double  purpose  of  filling  up  t  he  empty  space — 
the  airspace  being  otherwise  obtained — and  also  preventing  the  rolling 
forward  of  the  ball  in  the  bore  in  firing  on  a  level,  or  at  an  angle  of 
depression  ;  the  wood  cross  before  alluded  to  could  be  used  for  this  last 
purpose.  At  the  instant  of  firing  the  sabot  is  forced  forward  on  the 
I >all  thus  filling  up  the  windage,  and  preventing  to  a  considerable  degree 
the  balloting  of  the  projectile. 

Fourth. — Powders  at  the  different  batteries  should  be  tested  and 
sified  not  less  than  every  six  months,  if  put  up  in  cartridges;  if  in 
the  original  boxes  or  barrels,  once  each  year  would  be  sufficient.  In 
the  practice  of  Artillery  the  powder  of  the  same  classification  should 
alone  be  used  until  expended;  a  slight  change  of  elevation  would  then 
maintain  the  same  range  with  another  class  of  powder. 

Fifth. — Cartridges  as  usually  made  by  tieing  up  the  open  end  of 
the  bag  after  beingfilled  with  powder,  are  liable  to  give  Avith  the  same 
charge  different  results,  on  account  of  want  of  compactness  and  the  more 
or  less  space  between  the  charge  and  the  projectile,  resulting  from 
the  neck  of  the  cartridge. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

CEO.  W.  RAINS,  President, 

Col.  Artillery  on  Ordnance  Duty. 
W.\r.  L.  BASSINCER, 

Major,  Artillery  Service,  &c. 

Charleston,  Harbor. 

JNO.  G.  BARNWELL, 

Major  Artillery,  on  Ord.  Duty, 

Charleston,  Harbor. 


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